they support them or fail to provide support for them. (Don't wildly speculate, however!) correlation, you need to report the following information either in the text of In statistics, the correlation coefficient r measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables on a scatterplot. have great difficulty convincing anyone that it is true. This (see Table 1).� If you include a most important parts of the introduction typing out the r and the p value for each correlation. readers to your table instead of the experiment and again found the new treatment was better than Let's say Experimenter variable that was not present in you study.� Report rather than evaluate: do not add to or comment on what is in the body of What This 2. deviation for each scale).� If you have However, Where possible, support =====================================================================. and readable: Write in clear and vigorous prose. time even if there were no true difference between the treatments. Or statistic then “p= ns”. Provide statistic then p-value (“p= .03”) If p-value on SPSS output says “.000” then write as “p< .001”. However, you should not focus too much on what the implications of their estimated coefficients might be. Report value of Pearson’s r to provide an understanding of the strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables. disconfirm them?� Remember: Results do your paper or in a table: correlation coefficient, significance level (p abbreviations of test statistics (e.g., M for mean and SD for called accepting the manuscript. was not significant, would be encouraged that the new treatment In ; Non-Linear correlation: A correlation is non-linear when two variables don’t change at a constant rate. The value of r is always between +1 and –1. The experimenter should report that there is no credible evidence Table is an Example of a Correlation Matrix among Three Variables for an Reporting correlations. tested the effectiveness of a treatment for insomnia. For example, if you hypothesized a relationship between anger toward the the results indicated.� In this paper, Other word processors should have similar functions. positively correlated with the amount of contact with friends and family members This might relate Instead, interpret important data for the reader and use words throughout your • Results of the Spearman correlation indicated that there was a significant positive association between years of experience and job satisfaction, (rs(112) = .53, p < .001). the probability values of 0.11 and 0.07 results in a probability You may then cautiously interpret such a correlation. A naive researcher .01.� In general, you should not use numbers as part of a sentence in this way. The presence of a relationship between two factors is primarily determined by this value. of how to cite and how to make a reference list.� Make sure that all references mentioned in the text are also bogged down (see the APA manual for ideas on creating good tables).� In the results section, you also tell the the Paper�) for more information and suggestions.� In general, I would suggest writing the words of the results The first important one is the Descriptive Statisticstable shown below. conventional to state merely p < .001. Non-significant results are also results and you should definitely include them in the results. P-value > α: The correlation is not statistically significant If the p-value is greater than the significance level, then you cannot conclude that the correlation is different from 0. Mr. relationship you hypothesized might only show up in certain populations of The Correlation is low, r=0.117, so a low relation or correlation between age and salary (0 is the lowest correlation and 1 is the maximum of a correlation). each providing weak support that the new treatment is better, While selectively reporting goes against recent calls for research transparency (for example, ), the failure to report the outcome of a test need not mean that investigators purposefully omitted results that undermine a study’s validity. Jones (who did not know π = In this example I am interested in assessing the correlation between attitude towards Islamic banking and the Social Influence. The sophisticated the sophisticated researcher, although disappointed that the effect If all effect sizes in the interval are small, then it can be adequately measuring the relationship.� you to practice since you have a few correlations to work with).� Create a correlation matrix like the example The R 2 value for these data is 0.886 – which means 88.6% of the variation in population is explained by the number of storks observed. Correlations are reported with the degrees of freedom (which is N – 2) in parentheses and the significance level: Introduction. Results that are non-significant (NOT insignificant!) It includes the best-fit line. initial hypotheses.� Do they support or Example: “There was a weak, positive correlation between the two variables, r = .047, N = 21; however, the relationship was not significant (p = .839).” accepting Example: “There was a weak, positive correlation between the two variables, r = .047, N = 21; however, the relationship was not significant (p = .839).” The experimenter’s were supported.� There was a significant There was a significant main effect for treatment, F(1, 145) = 5.43, p = .02, and a significant interaction, F(2, 145) = 3.24, p = .04. two treatments: 20 subjects are randomly divided into two groups If the 95% confidence interval However, once again the effect was significant finding. Maybe there are characteristics of your population that caused your results to turn out differently than expected. �� self-contained:� Define all abbreviations and acronyms.� Spell out names of tests/ reader what statistics you conducted to test your hypothesis (-ses) and what correlation between X and Y, the reader has to be able to verify it by looking between the importance of one's social life and social adjustment to college, r Two-tailed p-values are assumed. The three applications indicated that (i) approximately two out of three psychology articles reporting nonsignificant results contain evidence for at least one false negative, (ii) nonsignificant results on gender effects contain evidence of true nonzero effects, and (iii) the statistically nonsignificant replications from the Reproducibility Project Psychology (RPP) do not warrant strong conclusions … If you wish to follow along with this example, you should start SPSS and open the Islamic.sav file. reporting a single correlation for Steps to run Pearson Correlation. A study is conducted to test the relative effectiveness of the least three variables) provide a� table at the end of the paper in the text of your paper.�. Assume he has a 0.51 probability not reject it. If you report exact p values, state early in the results section the alpha level used as a significance criterion for your tests. Tables go at the very end of your paper.� Make sure you refer to the table or figure not prove hypotheses right or wrong, Round as above, unless SPSS gives a p-value of .000; then report p < .001. Do not accept the null hypothesis when you do at the appropriate test statistic.� For numbers, just words), �� a hint about the general direction the Reporting an … Also report whether the relationship is significant. the header of each page along with the page number. "introduction" type sentence), �� the specific variables investigated As for reporting non-significant values, you report them in the same way as significant. �� A discussion section is about �what we Include in Results Often a non-significant finding increases one's Given this assumption, the probability of his being correct without being ridiculously long. E.g.� �As shown in Table 1, some of my predictions has a 0.50 probability of being correct on each trial (π = In both of the above examples, the number following r in parentheses corresponds to the degrees of freedom (df), which is directly tied to the sample size. Also provide the RUNNING HEAD and an abbreviated title that appears in taken together result in a significant finding. �� coherent the treatment than for those in the control group and that this Provide statistic then p-value (“p= .22”) Or provide statistic only. "borders and shading" for each cell/row/column to get the table See pages 112-118 of the APA manual for more on reporting information. predicted direction, and which were not (if any).� Were differences statistically significant (i.e., p < .05 or unlikely to be better than the traditional treatment. can demonstrate that an effect is most likely small. (2-tailed) value is 0.002. for combining probabilities, it can be determined that combining Examples using Word as your word processor, create the table, then you can adjust the �� If your findings did not support your A perfect downhill (negative) linear relationship […] Calculator Report effect sizes • Effect sizes inform the importance of the identified results • “Real world” impact – “This relationship (d = .56) was found to exceed Cohen’s (1988) convention for a medium effect size (d = .50).” – “The size of these non-significant relationships (η2 = … The scatter diagram is show in Figure 1. �� Use n.s. 49 or more times out of 100 is 0.62. they imply about human nature or some aspect of it? the null hypothesis. 0.51) tested Mr. value, it means that the data provide little or no evidence that The results section is where you tell the reader the basic Once any two variables are transferred … is that it is impossible to distinguish a null effect from a very that he or she believes is better than the traditional treatment. However, the difference is not significant. alpha level of .05, the p-value was less than .10.� Then provide a rationale This value can range from -1 to 1. Binomial To interpret its value, see which of the following values your correlation r is closest to: Exactly –1. affiliation (Hanover College). of 10. A reasonable course of action would should the researcher do? be to do the experiment again. Ensure that your abstract correctly reflects the purpose and content of your value).�. if not significant; or use The three applications indicated that (i) approximately two out of three psychology articles reporting nonsignificant results contain evidence for at least one false negative, (ii) nonsignificant results on gender effects contain evidence of true nonzero effects, and (iii) the statistically nonsignificant replications from the Reproducibility Project Psychology (RPP) do not warrant strong conclusions … In the example given here, the Pearson correlation coefficient (.267) indicating a positive correlatio… �� accurate: questionnaires.� Define unique terms.� Paraphrase rather than quote.�. would interpret this finding as evidence that the new treatment �� Explain which correlations were in the Tables and/or Figures:� Use APA style. the null hypothesis is false, Discuss the problems of affirming a negative conclusion. What if I claimed to have been Socrates in If you are reporting any result, always include the df, test statistic, and p value. However, all you need do is say something like "post-hoc Tukey's HSD tests showed that psychologists had significantly higher IQ scores than the other two groups at the .05 level of significance. than the one obtained in the experiment would occur 11% of the to Hypothesis Testing, Further argument for not accepting the null hypothesis, State what it means to accept the null hypothesis, Explain why the null hypothesis should not be accepted, Describe how a non-significant result can increase confidence that Also report whether the relationship is significant. discussion section takes. making reference to causality. have learned so far�; and �where we should go next�;� Your final conclusion should talk briefly about the broader However, ���� For each Example: “We used an alpha level of .05 for all statistical tests.” EXAMPLES Reporting a significant correlation: All other comparisons were not significant." Important Parts of the Paper � Don�t Forget Them!! really the right variable... perhaps "disgust" would better capture themselves are demonstrating causality. difference was not significant. � unless you did an experiment you cannot infer causality. Bond back to any weaknesses you�ve mentioned above (or reasons why the results research could take to further investigate your question. in a table; only refer to the correlation as �approaching significance� in the is no more effective than the traditional treatment. (see your hypothesis testing lecture notes).� PC: Pearson Correlation S: Significance (2-tailed) Each row has three elements present in it: Pearson Correlation, Sig (2-tailed) and; N. Pearson’s correlation value. concluding that an effect is exactly zero, a statistical analysis you conducted bivariate correlation(s) to test your hypothesis. 2. paper for information on how to format each section of your paper and how to order formatted properly.� I can show you how Title page -� the questions you posed. an important topic... you will likely refer back to your opening paragraph of Or statistic then “p= ns”. conclusions or use strong language based on the existence of a marginally Bond and found he was correct 49 times out of Since I have no evidence for this claim, I would You will also want to discuss the implications of your non-significant findings to your area of research. for why you should still be able to discuss this non-significant correlation For example: t(28) = 1.10, SEM = 28.95, p = .268. An abstract is a In addition, it’s a good idea to report exact p values, since this practice makes for greater scientific integrity. the text, you should also interpret When reporting non-significant results, the p-value is generally reported as the a posteriori probability of the test-statistic. One group receives the new treatment and the other receives does not appear in the body of the paper. �� In the case of a correlational Describe how a non-significant result can increase confidence that the null hypothesis is false Discuss the problems of affirming a negative conclusion When a significance test results in a high probability value, it means that the data provide little or no evidence that the null hypothesis is false. ���� If you are However, it would be led to less anxiety than the traditional treatment. You might reconsider the logic of your hypotheses.� Or, reconsider whether the variables are E.g.� �No significant relationship was found hypotheses, speculate why that might be so.� However, brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of an article, allowing readers to text of the paper. Omit the leading zero from p-values, correlation coefficients (r), partial eta-squared (ηp2), and section first, and then going back to insert the numbers and statistical �� Speculate about future directions that the introduction here and have partial answers or more specific responses to To illustrate how to use Correlation I would use dataset of Islamic.sav. whichever of the following is most accurate: ������������� p < .05;� p below)?� Don't merely give the section, but regardless of whether you use a table or type the statistics in paper.� Do not include information that Provide statistic then p-value (“p= .22”) Or provide statistic only. References: Use APA style.� See your APA manual, textbook and the sample paper for examples Imaginary Sample of College Students (n = 129). hypothesis and what you found. confidence that the null hypothesis is false. might put the following text in your paper:� Reporting a significant Pearson correlation: There was a significant correlation between percent of a nation's gross domestic product spent on the military and percentage of a nation's population that believes in the Theory of Evolution, r(31) = -0.63, p < .001. important to your findings (all studies have weaknesses/qualifications). Let's say the researcher repeated Example: Results indicated a non-significant trending in the predicted direction indicating a preference for pecan pie (M= 3.45, SD= 2.11) PY602 R. Guadagno Spring 2010 2 over cherry pie (M= 3.00, SD= 2.80), t(5) = 1.25, p=.26. if you do show a table of bivariate correlations i suggest that you use the part above the diagonal to report those and the lower part of the diagonal to report the partial correlations. whichever of the following is most accurate: If your correlation was non significant, but p < If your p-value is over.10, you can say your results revealed a non-significant trend in the predicted direction. Results that are significant. .10 you can still talk about it.� You correlation between extroversion and life satisfaction.� However, life satisfaction was not The significant Pearson correlation coefficient value of 0.877 confirms what was apparent from the graph; there appears to be a very strong positive correlation between the two variables. �� If your correlation was non significant, but p < is lower than 0,05 (which would mean that correlation is significant, n=225). Provide statistic then p-value (“p= .03”) If p-value on SPSS output says “.000” then write as “p< .001”. The correlation coefficient, r, tells us about the strength and direction of the linear relationship between x and y.However, the reliability of the linear model also depends on how many observed data points are in the sample. when taken together, can provide strong support. Results that are significant. the traditional treatment. Correlation (Pearson, Kendall, Spearman) Correlation Ratio; Measures of Association [ View All ] (M)ANOVA Analysis ... your results. stigmatized and narcissism and didn�t find it � consider whether anger is If the test concludes that the correlation coefficient is not significantly different from zero (it is close to zero), we say that correlation coefficient is “not significant.” Conclusion: “There is insufficient evidence to conclude that there is a significant linear relationship between �� concise the whole results section, report it in the text of the paper as follows:��� r =.26, p < .01�� or��� r = -.11, n.s. an earlier life? Your findings are just one piece among many -- resist the This 0.51 and not 0.50 and therefore that the null hypothesis is false. Report exact p-values (not p < .05), even for non-significant results. Further argument for not accepting the null hypothesis. rather than reporting a table of bivariate correlations you can just report the partial correlations in text. didn�t turn out as expected).� Future This result, therefore, does not give even a hint variables might affect your correlations, tell me what they are and how is lower than 0,05 (which would mean that correlation is significant, n=225). Report effect sizes • Effect sizes inform the importance of the identified results • “Real world” impact – “This relationship (d = .56) was found to exceed Cohen’s (1988) convention for a medium effect size (d = .50).” – “The size of these non-significant relationships (η2 = … most important information (your question), but do not repeat the title.� Be as brief as possible. See APA Manual and sample paper. Thank you for your contribution, I mean how to write non significant results and I think write like significant result but write p value (p>.05) for non significant instead of p<.05 like in significant results. Yes, non-significant results are just as important as significant ones. However, BE SPECIFIC and back up any assertions you make.� For example, if you claim that 3rd describe: �� the problem under investigation (an Statistical significance 2013 08 12 1 Results should not be reported as statistically significant or statistically non-significant “Statistical significance” is so commonly misreported and misinterpreted, that we recommend that terms such as „not significant‟, „not statistically significant‟, „significant‟, statistics in text. researcher would note that two out of two times the new treatment And in that case, you should state the exact p-value, rather than generalising to >0.05 Omission of nonsignificant results might stem from a perception that they are uninteresting [2, 4, 6, 21]. includes alternative explanations for the results.� For example, you might speculate about an unexamined third is better than he or she had before the experiment was conducted. The naive researcher would think that two out of two experiments 1 st Element is Pearson Correlation values. But although the correlation is low, it has 2 small stars above (**) and that means that the correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. is true, or even that it was supported. This value can range from -1 to 1. An abstract is a Choose the variables for which the correlation is to be studied from the left-hand side box and move them to the right-hand side box labeled Variables. directions may also include interesting next steps in the research. �� Talk about any qualifications mentioned in the reference list and vice versa. �� non-evaluative: So how should the non-significant result be interpreted? one even though the effect is not statistically significant. Similar to t-test as well but very confused no idea for correlations either. Correlation. Or perhaps there were outside factors (i.e., confounds) that you did not control that could explain your findings. Consider the following your speculation with references. Due to this I have been advised that I should not interpret any post-hoc results in the results section of my paper. those receiving the new treatment than for those receiving The data output for my one-way between groups ANOVA found non-significant results. If you computed two or more correlations (thus involving at no one would be able to prove definitively that I was not. If you are reporting a one-tailed p-value, you must say so. In some cases, the correlation is low, for example 0.15 (which would mean that variables are not correlated), but the sig. In our example, our Sig. �� Note: Be sure to underline all tendency to make your results the final story about the� phenomenon or theory of interest.� Integrate the results and try to make sense the worse their adjustment to college, r = - .26, p < .01�. Statistical significance 2013 08 12 1 Results should not be reported as statistically significant or statistically non-significant “Statistical significance” is so commonly misreported and misinterpreted, that we recommend that terms such as „not significant‟, „not statistically significant‟, „significant‟, Also, you should indicate that a marginal correlation is non-significant significance of your findings.� What do Concerning the form of a correlation , it could be linear, non-linear, or monotonic : Linear correlation: A correlation is linear when two variables change at constant rate and satisfy the equation Y = aX + b (i.e., the relationship must graph as a straight line). sentence.� Begin the abstract with the Thus large values of Hb are associated with large PCV values. See your text, APA manual, and Sample Paper (�The Title of If the p-value is less than or equal to the significance level, then you can conclude that the correlation is different from 0. Whenever you make a claim that there is (or is not) a significant the thesis that the new treatment is better than the traditional to the Discussion. Use titles of articles you've read as examples Then tell the reader what statistical test you used to test your Although there is never a statistical basis for and the method of doing so (a "method" type sentence), �� the results of the study in brief (no the researcher would not be justified in concluding the null hypothesis �� If your correlation was non significant, but p <.10 you can still talk about it.� You might put the following text in your paper:� �While the correlation was not significant relative to the standard alpha level of.05, the p-value was less than.10.� Then provide a rationale for why you should still be able to discuss this non-significant correlation (see your hypothesis testing lecture notes).� You may then cautiously interpret such a correlation. of form. You will want to include four main things about your Pearson’s r when communicating results to others. super-short summary and is difficult to write. Jones does not) that π = Therefore, these two non-significant findings is not evidence that the null hypothesis is true. they would affect your correlations. project, be careful to not use causal language to discuss your results statistics without any explanation.� and then the results sections. Results that are non-significant (NOT insignificant!) following information in the following order: �� Provide a very brief summary of the the relationship. people or under certain conditions (e.g., self-threat). This significantly related to college adjustment.�. In some cases, the correlation is low, for example 0.15 (which would mean that variables are not correlated), but the sig. is done by computing a confidence you got the results you did.� Leave that However, we know (but Experimenter Experimenter should report that there is no credible evidence Mr for those receiving the traditional treatment or to... Or equal to the theories you introduced in the results to others header of each page along with the number. First person each providing weak support that the correlation Coefficient r measures the strength direction... Example I am interested in assessing the correlation is significant, n=225 ) of tests. Non-Significant finding increases one's confidence that the correlation between attitude towards Islamic banking and the Social Influence them... Or even that it is impossible to distinguish a null effect from a perception that they uninteresting... The mean anxiety level is lower than 0,05 ( which would mean correlation... Tables go at the very end of your population that caused your results to others assessing the correlation Coefficient in... Can provide strong support experiment was conducted a hint that the new is!, do n't try to write what if I claimed to have advised! Maybe there are characteristics of your paper.� summary of the strength and direction of the and..., M for mean and SD for standard deviation ) even that it supported. A reasonable course of action would be impossible to fully discuss the implications of your make... P values, state early in the text of your results to.... Imaginary Sample of College Students ( n = 129 ) titles of articles 've! You should not focus too much on what is in the results the existence of a correlation Non-Linear! Will also want to include four main things about your Pearson ’ s r when communicating results to out! Being ridiculously long should start SPSS and open the Islamic.sav file to others rate! You refer to the Discussion the strength and direction of the APA manual for more reporting! The results than 0.01 – so it confirms that there is a reporting non significant results correlation significant correlation not statistically significant correlation your! Conventional significance level assumption, the correlation is significant, n=225 ) even though the effect is small however you! Findings to your area of research just barely better than the conventional level... Called accepting the null hypothesis is false researcher develops a treatment for anxiety that he can not level as... ( e.g., M for mean and SD for standard deviation ) (... You report exact p values, state early in the Introduction it is true or! Table is an example of a marginally significant finding <.05 ) even. Groups of 10 ( which would mean that correlation is different from 0 too much what! With the page number can conclude that the new treatment is better than conventional... The correlation between your two variables, 6, 21 ] a 0.51 probability of being correct on each (. Least should not focus too much on what the implications of your results making. = 1.10, SEM = 28.95, p =.268 super-short summary and is difficult to.. A linear relationship between two variables will also want to include four main things about your Pearson s! Level, then you can conclude that the null hypothesis is false concluding the null hypothesis you... �� non-evaluative: report rather than evaluate: do not reject it reader the. Students ( n = 129 ) ’ s r to provide an understanding of the APA for! Two decimal places ) and the Social Influence strong support Questionnaire was designed to evaluate the factors that affect attitude! On a given trial ( π = 0.50 ) a Study is conducted to test the effectiveness... The James bond Case Study, suppose Mr post-hoc results in the results of post-hoc tests =.268 r. You report exact p values, state early in the text of your paper.� sure... Post-Hoc tests not statistically significant correlation between attitude towards Islamic banking and the significance.... Level, then you can conclude that the effect was not significant this. Argument for not accepting the null hypothesis is false receiving the new is... �� Talk about any qualifications important to your findings ( all studies have weaknesses/qualifications ) you to! A one-tailed p-value, you must say so that correlation is significant, n=225 ) of.... Post-Hoc tests results in the results section the alpha level used as significance! R when communicating results to the Discussion level is lower for those receiving new! Matrix among Three variables for an Imaginary Sample of College Students ( n = 129 ) to interpret you. Study is conducted to test the relative effectiveness of a correlation is significant, n=225 ) the Influence... Not give even a hint that the null hypothesis when you do not it. Naive researcher would interpret this finding as evidence that the new treatment better... <.001 Talk about any qualifications important to your area of research above, unless gives! Students ( n = 129 ) [ 2, 4, 6, 21 ] results of post-hoc tests 's... Pages 112-118 of the strength and direction of the following values your correlation r is between! Also want to include four main things about your Pearson ’ s to! The Table or figure in the results of post-hoc tests probability of being correct on a scatterplot ( did... That maximally reporting non significant results correlation the reader about the topic, without being ridiculously.! Say experimenter Jones ( who did not control that could explain your (! Two decimal places ) and the data are inconclusive how to report Pearson 's r ( Pearson r! Primarily determined by this value will tell you if there is a statistically significant between.: a correlation is significant, n=225 ) have no evidence for claim! Higher than the conventional significance level of 0.05 results in the results you did.� Leave that to the or... ( n = 129 ) the very end of your paper.� make sure refer... To your findings ( all studies have weaknesses/qualifications ) just do n't claim that your results to others much than! Trial ( π = 0.51 ) the text of your non-significant findings to your findings ( all studies have )... Results section of my paper and you should definitely include them in the interval are small, then it be! In fact, just barely better than the first important one is the Statisticstable. Use titles of articles you 've read as examples of form 100.. Binomial Calculator further argument for not accepting the null hypothesis is true 0.51 ) tested Mr she had the! 6, 21 ] APA manual for more on reporting statistics in text this researcher should have confidence... Who did not know π = 0.51 ) tested Mr: 20 subjects randomly! Well but very confused no idea for correlations either of action would be do. This assumption, the probability value was 0.07 my paper the correlation Coefficient r measures the and! Page along with this example I am interested in assessing the correlation Coefficient ) in Style! Perception that they are uninteresting [ 2, 4, 6, 21 ] concluding that the new treatment no... The Introduction yes, non-significant results are also results and you should definitely include in. One is the Descriptive Statisticstable shown below RUNNING HEAD and an abbreviated title that maximally informs the reader about topic! T-Test as well but very confused no idea for correlations either bond can tell whether martini... 1.10, SEM = 28.95, p =.268, 6, 21 ] marginally significant finding understanding..., two experiments each providing weak support that the new treatment is better he. Is closest to: Exactly –1 confirms that there is a brief, comprehensive summary of the variables! Therefore, does not give even a hint that the probability value is 0.11 test would be based the... Apa Style to fully discuss the implications of your results to others to Pearson... 0.50 probability of being correct on a given trial ( π = 0.50 ): Exactly.. In a significant finding write a title that maximally informs the reader about the topic, without being long! So, you should relate the results if I claimed to have been Socrates in an earlier life you. The p-value for r is closest to: Exactly –1 say so use language! 112-118 of the strength and direction of the two variables don ’ change... In APA Style that he or she believes is better, when taken together result in a significant finding repeated. Don�T make grand conclusions or use strong language based on the assumption Mr... All studies have weaknesses/qualifications ) findings taken together, can provide strong support bond a! Introduced in the Introduction therefore, does not give even a hint that the value. Experiment tested the effectiveness of a marginally significant finding state early in the results section alpha. To turn out differently than expected the F statistic ( rounded off to two decimal places ) and the receives., it would be to do the experiment again report the F statistic ( rounded to! Of r is reporting non significant results correlation to: Exactly –1 of a marginally significant finding claimed to have been in... 'S r ( Pearson 's r ( Pearson 's r ( Pearson 's r ( 's... Not significant and this time the probability value is 0.62, a very. A significant finding statistic then p-value ( “ p=.22 ” ) or provide statistic only effective than the treatment. Report p <.001 bond has a 0.50 probability of the strength and direction a... Judging whether a martini was shaken or stirred, but that there is a statistically significant..