BLUE RIVER: Salmon are now checking in at a truck stop after making their way from the Pacific Ocean to the South Fork of the McKenzie River. Money poured in, too. The president at the time of the flood was Colonel Elias Unger. In its path, were Johnstown and the surrounding communities. Credit: NPS/Harpers Ferry Center. Enjoying our content? 1600 homes were destroyed, $17 million in property damage levied (approx. Soldiers sit on a hill overlooking Johnstown, Pennsylvania after the 1889 flood. As the dam burst, a 30- to-40-foot-high wave rushed the 14 miles toward Johnstown. In 1880, at the suggestion of entrepreneur Benjamin Franklin Ruff, the newly organized club purchased an old dam and abandoned reservoir from Ruff which he had purchased from former Congressman John Reilly. This strategy was a success, and club members and attorneys Philander C. Knox and James H. Reed were able to fend off four lawsuits against the club; Colonel Unger, its president; and against 50 named members. Author: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Association of State Dam Safety Officials Ruff envisioned a summer retreat in the hills above Johnstown. The Club inadequately patched the holes from the 1862 break; never replaced the sluice pipes; lowered the top of the dam to make it wider for carriages; and put fish screens over the spillway. and looked at similar dam failures and issues with the South Fork dam itself to . The death toll from the 1889 flood was approximately 2,209. (3)VandenBerge, D., Duncan, J., & Brandon, T. (2011). They thought the dam's location was a prime spot for a private resort. 733 Lake Road . The dam was sold to the railroad, which then sold it to private owners. Nephew of, James H. Willock cashier of the Second National Bank, William K. Woodwell associated with Joseph R. Woodwell and company, H. C. Yeager dry goods and trimming wholesaler through C. Yeager and Company, This page was last edited on 10 September 2022, at 20:32. A lawsuit was filed against the wealthy owners of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club for failing to properly maintain the South Fork Dam, but failed because negligence could not be proven on the part of any individual a disappointing ruling that would result in changes to liability laws in many states. (Credit: Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images). A tree protrudes from a house tossed by the flood. The next morning survivors were unsettled by the eerie silence hanging over the city. Johnstown Flood National Memorial MLS # That's when a dam altered by the exclusive club burst, and the unthinkable happened. The original 918-foot-long ( 280-meter-long) structure stood 72 feet (22 meters) high and was built in 1852. The Men Who Built America. The dam fell into despair in 1857 and changed ownership multiple times. Morrell's warnings went unheeded, and his offer to effect repairs, partially at his own expense, was rejected by club president, Benjamin F. Ruff (who died two years prior to the flood). 1. Lake Conemaugh was held by the dam on the side of a mountain, 450 feet higher than Johnstown. Lexington, KY 40508, 2023 Copyright Association of State Dam Safety Officials. An engineer at the dam saw warning signs of an impending disaster and rode a horse to the village of South Fork to warn the residents. Others, realizing their continuing vulnerability, called the dam the sword of Damocles hanging over Johnstown.. He also talks about the impoundment of Libby Dam in 1974, which created a 90-mile lake and became home to various species of fish, including Kokanee salmon, rainbows, and cutthroats. 2. It was like the Day of Judgment I have since seen pictured in books, Gertrude Quinn Slattery later recalled. To truly understand the devastation caused by this flood, we need to understand the construction of the South Fork Dam. Despite some years of claims and litigation, the club and its members were never found to be liable for monetary damages. By 1889, Johnstown had grown to a town of 30,000 German and Welsh immigrants, knownfor the quality of the steel it produced. Major Historical Dam Failures with Modes of Failure. The failure released an estimated 14.3 million tons of water from Lake Conemaugh, wreaking devastation along the valley of South Fork Creek and the Little Conemaugh River as it flowed about a dozen miles downstream to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, at the confluence of the Little Conemaugh and Stonycreek rivers form the Conemaugh River, a tributary of the Allegheny River. The South Fork Dam was built to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. The South Fork Dam was 72 feet (22m) high and 931 feet (284m) long. After the South Fork dam broke in 1889, he (and law firm partner James Reed, also a club member) convinced the more than 60-member club to remain silent about the flood and their roles as club . Afterward, the railroad abandoned the dam, and it deteriorated. Technical paper published by Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Newspaper article published by the Tribune-Democrat, Author: H. Unrau, U.S. National Park Service, Presentation at Oregon Dam Safety Conference, Author: N. Coleman, U. Kaktins, & S. Wojno. As a result of poor maintenance, the outlet works culvert collapsed and a portionof the dam washed out in 1862. Before the flood, speculators had bought the abandoned reservoir, made less than well-engineered repairs to the old dam, raised the lake level, built cottages and a clubhouse, and created the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. Before closing on Ruff's purchase, Congressman Reilly had crucial discharge pipes removed and sold for their value as scrap metal, so there was no practical way to lower the level of water behind the dam should repairs be indicated. Unfortunately, the telegraph lines that would send the warning to Johnstown were down. Thedam was approximately 72 feet high, 918 feet long, 10 feet wide at its crest, and220 feet wide at its base. All Rights Reserved. On May 31, the residents were unaware of the danger that steady rain over the course of the previous day had caused. Privacy Policy. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. 1863-Canal between Johnstown and Blairsville was closed meaning there was no longer a viable reason to maintain the South Fork Dam. 124, Major Historical Dam Failures with Modes of Failure, Dam Breach Hydrology of the Johnstown Flood of 1889 - Challenging the Findings of the 1891 Investigation Report, Association of State Dam Safety Officials. At approximately 3:00 p.m. on May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam gave way. The capacity of the spillwaywas decreased significantly by the lowering of the dam crest and thereby reducingthe freeboard. The flood met its first serious resistance at the Pennsylvania Railroads Stone Bridge, which saved the lives of thousands by not breaking. It was also known as the Great Flood of 1889 to the . During construction, concrete was poured 24 hours a day from August 13, 1931 through to October 12, 1931 - 18,447 bags of cement were used. Though the dam had been built according to accepted engineering practices, the canal system was obsolete by the time the dam was . Some of the big names included Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick. It is an example of what can happen when people disregard the principles of engineering and hydrology. The South Fork Dam, as it became known, experienced a catastrophic failure on May 31, 1889 when it was overtopped during a large storm event. The South Fork Dam was an earthenwork dam forming Lake Conemaugh ,[1] an artificial body of water near South Fork, Pennsylvania, United States. A detailed discussion of the 21st-century investigation, its participating engineers, and the science behind the 1889 flood was published, in 2018, as Johnstown's Flood of 1889 - Power Over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster. (2013). Required fields are marked *. Assemblyman Bert Gurr (Courtesy / Lee Rix Gurr) Freshman Elko Republican succeeds Republican John Ellison, who termed out as District 33's assemblyman after 12 years. Entire blocks of buildings had been razed. In 1862 the dam broke, resulting in a sag in the middle where repairs had been made. Support for victims came from all over the United States and 18 foreign countries. In court, they claimed that they only lowered the dam by one foot and that the flood was an act of God. Individuals who sued all lost in court, and some even went bankrupt. After dark, however, the thirty acres of debris, at places forty feet high, that had piled up behind the bridge caught on fire and burned through the night, blanketing the ravaged town in a dark cloud of acrid smoke. It was abandoned by the commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and then sold again to private interests. The death toll of the Johnstown Flood was worse because the town was already flooded. WATCH: Full episodes of 'I Was There' online now. People still wonder why so many vote against temporary taxes to help relieve or open museums or sports stadiums in their towns. Debris at the stone bridge covered 30 acres, and clean-up operations were to continue for years. He chose not to do it. There is nothing as permanent as a temporary government program. In an effort to create hisenvisioned resort, BenjaminRuff and other members ofthe South Fork Fishing andHunting Club modified thedesign of the original damduring its reconstruction. 1 Its purpose was to hold water for the canal during dry seasons. Located some 14 miles east of Johnstown at a point where the South Fork branch of the Little Conemaugh River and several mountain streams converged, the dam created what was, at the time, one of the largest artificial lakes in the nation, more than two miles long and nearly a mile wide in some places. Explains that hoover dam was built from 1931 to 1936 to irrigate the dry desert in the south west united states. The remains of the South Fork Dam from the Visitor Center area. The mission of the Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) is to lead the state's efforts in ensuring a secure water future for Texas and its citizens. Founded in 1879, the club was designed to give the most powerful men in Pennsylvania a quiet retreata place to enjoy the magnificent wealth they had accumulated in the steel, railroad, and other industries. In 1889, Johnstown was home to 30,000 people, many of whom worked in the steel industry. It was the deadliest non-hurricane flood in American history, and people wanted answers. It was abandoned by the commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold again to private interests. For years, the Gilded Ages most powerful industrialists gathered at Lake Conemaugh, an idyllic body of water made possible by Pennsylvanias South Fork Dam. On May 31, 1889, after several days of unprecedented rainfall, the dam gave way. Original construction included both adult and juvenile fish passage facilities to help move fish past the dam. For whatever reason, at least three warnings sent from South Fork to Johnstown by telegram the day of the disaster went virtually unheeded downstream. The dam broke after several days of extremely heavy rainfall, releasing 14.55 million cubic meters of water. Until May 31, 1889, that is. On the afternoon of May 31, 1889, a private dam in western Pennsylvania burst, sending 20 million gallons of water and debris into the unsuspecting town of Johnstown with the force of a tidal wave . When the South Fork Dam burst on May 31, 1889, the population of Johnstown had already spent their day dealing with floodwaters. The disaster became widely known as the Johnstown Flood, and locally known as the "Great Flood". The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club was a Pennsylvania corporation which operated an exclusive and secretive retreat at a mountain lake near South Fork, Pennsylvania, for more than fifty extremely wealthy men and their families. In 1862 a break occurred near the discharge pipes, but little damage resulted because the water level was so low. ( 1891 p 446) claim the dam was lowered 2 ft. and report a mean height of 7.96 ft. (2.43 m) above the spillway floor for eight points on the crest of . 2023 BygonelyPrivacy policyTerms of ServiceContact us. Why did they fail to evacuate, even after the warning came?, Describe the damage caused by the Johns-town Flood., In response to the flood, Carnegie reacted differently than other South Fork members. NBI Bridge Condition: Good: 1862-Due to heavy rains and lack of maintenance, the South Fork Dam failed for the second time; the water in Johnstown was raised only 2-3 feet. (Credit: Histed/Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images). Represents a district that is made up of a large portion of eastern Nevada, including parts of Elko, Eureka, and Nye counties, and all of Lincoln and White Pine counties. 4, riprap along dam crest) and 9.1 provide direct evidence that the dam was lowered more than 0.6 m to as much as 0.9 m by the South Fork Fishing & Hunting Club. [9], Alphabetically, a complete listing of club membership included:[6]. ft. home is a 4 bed, 3.0 bath property. , The flood also provided the newly formed American Red Cross under the leadership of Clara Barton with its first test. The oil-soaked jam was immovable, held against the bridge by the powerful current and bound tightly by the barbed wire. Technical paper published by Elsevier Ltd. This was part of a cross-state canal system that was aptly named the Main Line of Public Works. The club was the owner of the South Fork Dam, which failed during an unprecedented period of heavy rains, resulting in the disastrous Johnstown Flood on May 31, 1889. The world rushed to help. In this essay, the author. See the many changes to the South Fork Dam through the years. "[14] The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club Historic District was designated a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 1986. Four square miles of downtown Johnstown was completely destroyed. Next, they saw the dark cloud and mist and spray that preceded it, and were assaulted by a wind that blew down small buildings. 1842-1851-For many reasons, work was stopped and the dam was only half-completed; later studies by civil engineers concluded that this work stoppage caused damages to the South Fork Dam that led, in part, to its failure on May 31, 1889. If so, please share it with your friends and family to help spread the word. To widen the road across the dam, it was lowered. His workers desperately tried to dig another spillway and increase the height of the dam, but the water was rising too fast. The South Fork Dam. USACE. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Morrell joined the club to further express his concerns. South Fork provides visitors with abundant all-season activities from hunting and fishing to skiing, golf, horseback riding and wildlife viewing. They determined that contrary to the clubs claims, the dam had been lowered by three feet, not one, and that the changes reduced the dams ability to discharge stormwater by half. "The Johnstown Flood", by Robert D. Christie. After the flood, victims suffered a series of legal defeats in their attempt to recover damages from the dam's owners. The South Fork Dam was built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like People knew the South Fork dam might break. The dam as originally built with a higher crest by the State of Pennsylvania would have impounded a greater volume of 1.627 10 7 m 3 below a lake stage of 493.5 m. Many publications report that . By 1881 the dam had been repaired, without the benefit of an engineer,and the reservoir filled to capacity to form the now nearly three-mile-long Lake Conemaugh. Retrieved June 14, 2019. http://digitalcollections.powerlibrary.org/cdm/ref/collection/acacc-jtf/id/4958. Emergency morgues and hospitals were set up, and commissaries distributed food and clothing. People would know only that he was the one who destroyed the dam and flooded the valley. But afterward, how could he prove that the dam would have gone anyway? This plume of water is the low level outlet, which ensures sufficient water flow for cutthroat trout in . Though the American legal system soon adopted precedents that made it possible to hold defendants liable for their modifications to land, the magnates behind the Johnstown Flood walked off scot-free. The outlet works for the dam consisted of a stone-linedculvert with five valves for releasing varying amounts of flow as well as a spillwaycreated by cutting into the rock along the east abutment. After many years of delays it was finally completed in 1852 and provided good service. He promoted this idea to Henry Clay Frick, a friend of his, who was one of the wealthy elite group of powerful men who controlled Pittsburgh's steel, rail and other industries. But there was more yet to come. $497 million in 2016), and 4 square miles (10 km2) of downtown Johnstown were completely destroyed. Soldiers look over Johnstown from Kernville Hill. About eight miles to the east of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, was where the South Fork Dam, a rock and earthen dam, was built. PA "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club Historic District", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Fork_Fishing_and_Hunting_Club&oldid=1109599238. Lake Conemaugh was held back by the South Fork Dam, a large earth-fill dam that was completed by the club in 1881. White, E. A. Myers, C. C. Hussey, D. R. Ewer, C. A. Carpenter, W. L. Dunn, W. L. McClintock, and A. V. Providence: Association of State Dam Safety Officials. Thats when a dam altered by the exclusive club burst, and the unthinkable happened. The South Fork Dam was built to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. 1889 South Fork Dam Failure. The canal system was obsolete by the time the dam was completed in 1853. 9/2022. There was one small drawback to living in the city. When the waters finally receded, the extent of the damage became clear. The South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838-1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the canal system to be used as a reservoir for the state's Main Line of Public Works canal basin in Johnstown. Storage capacity is 40,000 acre-feet. The American Red Cross, led by Clara Barton and with 50 volunteers, undertook a major disaster relief effort. The ownership of the dam shifted various times throughout its history, so this was no trivial question. That same year, Pennsylvania called on engineer Sylvester Welch to find a spot for a feeder reservoir and he selected a spot on the South Fork Creek for construction of the South Fork Dam and Western Reservoir. Disaster was far from the minds of Pennsylvania magnates like Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon, and Henry Clay Frick when they joined the secretive South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. 3. The history of the South Fork Dam is a story of an immense . South Fork Dam. This flooding resulted in the deaths of 2,209 people, the loss of 1,600 homes, and over $17,000,000 in property damage. Excursions [2] A torrent of water raced downstream, destroying several towns. Hey Friend, Before You Go.. On May 31, a spillway at the South Fork dam became clogged with debris due to steady heavy rain. The dam was originally built with discharge pipes, so the only question that remained was who removed them. [2] Ruff, while he was not a civil engineer, had a background that included being a railroad tunnel contractor and supervised the repairs to the dam, which did not include a successful resolution of the inability to discharge the water and substantially lower the lake for repair purposes. . Cambria Iron and Steels facilities were heavily damaged; they returned to full production within 18 months. . Although the South Fork Dam was completed in 1988, the reservoir was not completely filled until 1995, making the reservoir the newest one in the state as of this writing. The dam is 165 feet wide and 100 feet tall and is built of unreinforced concrete. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. When South Fork Dam gave way on May 31, 1889, the 20 million tons of water it released devastated the city and took 2,209 lives. Debris at the stone bridge covered 30 acres, and clean-up operations were to continue for years. Surrounded by nearly 2 million acres of national forest, limitless historical, cultural and recreational activities await visitors. Hussey, elected as the club's only female member following her husband's death in 1884, Frank B. Laughlin secretary of the Solar Carbon and Manufacturing Company, John Jacob Lawrence paint and color manufacturer, partner of Moses Suydam, Jesse H. Lippincott associated with the Banner Baking Powder firm, Sylvester Stephen Marvin established himself in the cracker business, founding S. S. Marvin Co., centerpiece to the organization of the, Frank T., Oliver, and Walter L. McClintock associated with O. McClintock and Company, a mercantile house, James S. McCord owner of the wholesale hatters McCord and Company, W. A. McIntosh (president of the New York and Cleveland Gas Coal Company and father of, H. Sellers McKee president of the First National Bank of Birmingham, founder of, Reuben Miller Miller, Metcalf and Perkin, Crescent Steel Works, Edwin A. Meyers Myers, Shinkle and Company, H. P. Patton associated with the window glass manufacturer A. and D. H. Chambers, Benjamin F. Ruff first president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, tunnel contractor, coke salesman, real estate broker, Marvin F. Scaife producer of iron products through W. B. Scaife and Sons, James M. Schoonmaker J. M. Schoonmaker Coke Company, James Ernest Schwartz president of Pennsylvania Lead Company, Moses Bedell Suydam M. B. Suydam and Company, Colonel Elias J. Unger managed hotels along the Pennsylvania Railroad, second and last president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, did not have a military record, Calvin Wells president of Pittsburgh Forge and Iron Company. A torrent of water raced downstream, destroying several towns. On May 31, Elias Unger, who managed the club, looked outside and began to worry about the rising waters He supervised a group of Italian laborers as they frantically dug a new spillway and tried to unclog the existing one. . As the Johnstown Area Historical Association notes, the town had been built in a river valley. TheSouth Fork Dam was built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to provide water for the operation of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Mainline Canal between Johnstown and Pittsburgh. 6. Next came the great wall of water sixty-three feet (19m) high that smashed into the city, crushing houses like eggshells and snapping trees like toothpicks. A dam was built in 1840 on the Little Conemaugh River, 14 miles . The average depth is 30 to 35 feet. They were too late. He could cut through the end of the dam, where the pressure was less, so it would give way more slowly and reduce the waters destructive force. The earth is not puddled and there were several leaks in the dam. Before the club bought it, the unnamed reservoir was part of Pennsylvanias canal system. Notwithstanding leaks and other warning signs, the flawed dam held the waters of Lake Conemaugh back until disaster struck, in May 1889. South Fork Snake . The discharge pipes were removed and the lake level was filled up to 70 feet in places. 1840-1841-Construction finally began; contractors were James Morehead of Pittsburgh and Hezekiah Packer of Williamsport. The South Fork Dam in 1881 after it was rebuilt by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. I love creating & composing history articles and lists. Those caught by the wave found themselves swept up in a torrent of oily, yellow-brown water, surrounded by tons of grinding debris, which crushed some and provided rafts for others. On May 31, 1889, the dam burst and led to a massive disaster involving the loss of 2,209 human lives. [3], Daniel Johnson Morrell became a member of the club for the purpose of observing the state of the dam under its stewardship, and campaigned to club officials, especially to Ruff, its founder, regarding the safety of the dam. There were two primary conjectures about who was to blame: former Congressman John Reilly and the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. Switch to the light mode that's kinder on your eyes at day time. 1879-11-17. pg 7. But, that had been the case every spring for so many years, that it the supposed threat had become something of a standing joke around town. The nation responded to the disaster with a spontaneous outpouring of time, money, food, and clothing. Their secret retreat was a place to fish, hunt and consolidate their power. South Fork Reservoir is approximately three miles long and one to one and a half miles wide. Along with about half of the club members, Henry Clay Frick donated thousands of dollars to the relief effort in Johnstown. When an unusually strong storm hit the area on May 28, 1889, pounding the area with between six and 10 inches of water in just 24 hours, water levels at the dam began to rise. Even before Folsom Lake Dam was built and the reservoir filled, the north fork of the American River was supplying water to communities, farms and ranches in south Placer and northeast Sacramento counties. The village of Johnstown was founded in 1800 by the Swiss immigrant Joseph Johns (anglicized from Schantz) where the Stonycreek and Little Conemaugh rivers joined to form the Conemaugh River. The South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838-1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the canal system to be used as a reservoir for the state's Main Line of Public Works canal basin in Johnstown. The history of the South Fork Dam is a story of an immense structure that was never given the care such a structure demanded. B. A freight car lies near the damaged Cambria Iron Works warehouse. Upon request, special presentations can be arranged for groups. Then the oil caught fire. Torrents of water rushed downstream as the dam failed, inundating nearby Johnstown with 16 million tons of water and wiping out much of the town. In 57 minutes the wave would engulf the town. At approximately 3 PM in the afternoon the dam gave way, millions of tons of water poured into the valley and the city. As it hit Johnstown, all hell broke loose. 1852-June 10, the Western Reservoir was finally dammed. It lies entirely on public land managed by Nevada Division of State Parks. Originally built by the Commonwealth to service a canal system, the dam was abandoned when railroads superseded canals and was sold to private interests. The dam was 72 feet (22 m) high and 931 feet (284 m) long. After many years of delays it was finally completed in 1852 and provided good service. People were sucked from buildings and tossed into a raging torrent. It was over in 10 minutes, but for some, the worst was still to come. Browse 42 SOUTH FORK DAM stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Some never had a chance, as homes were immediately crushed or ripped from foundations and added to the churning rubble, ending up hundreds of yards away. Over the years, some people worried about the72-foot-high earthen dam, one of the largest earthen dams in the world, causing one resident to remark: No one could see the immense height to which that artificial dam had been built without fearing the tremendous power of the water behind it., Others wondered and asked why the dam had not been strengthened, as it certainly had become weak, making Johnstown vulnerable. South Fork was the first town to be hit by this water; most people managed to . South Fork Dam is designed as a rolled earth-filled embankment approximately 1,650 feet long, 90 feet high, with a 30-foot crest. The Navy's New $13 Billion Aircraft Carrier Is Already . For Sale: 3 beds, 2 baths 1931 sq. Among the dead were 99 entire families. Public indignation at that failure prompted the development in American law changing a fault-based regime to one of strict liability. Roughly bounded by Fortieth, Main, and Lake Sts., D. W. C Bidwell owner of a mining industry, John Caldwell, Jr. treasurer of the Philadelphia Company, John Weakley Chalfant president of People's National Bank, associated with steel tubing manufacturer Spang, Chalfant and Company, George H. Christy attorney in Pittsburgh, Charles John Clarke founder of Pittsburgh-based transportation company Clarke and Company, father of Louis Clarke, Cyrus Elder (1833-1912); prominent attorney; chief counsel for the, Daniel R. Euwer lumber dealer for Euwer and Brothers, John King Ewing involved with real estate through Ewing and Byers, A. G. Harmes manufacturer of machinery through his Harmes Machinery Depot, John A. Harper assistant cashier of the Bank of Pittsburgh, president of, Howard Hartley manufacturer of leather products and rubber belts through Hartley Brothers, Henry Holdship co-founder of the Art Society of Pittsburgh and the, Americus Vespecius Holmes vice-president of, Durbin Horne president of retail company Joseph Horne and Company, Christopher Curtis Hussey Hussey, Howe and Company, steel manufacturers, Harriet Augusta Byram Hussey wife of C.C.