[103] with which to prime participants, while Forbes and Phillips [50] and Jakobsen and Srlie [56] left the definition fully with their participants (Table 3). ______ time is a preference for doing one thing at a time. Heggestad AKT, Magelssen M, Pedersen R, Gjerberg E. Ethical challenges in home-based care: a systematic literature review. *Spillage. Int J Older People Nurs. Sletteb , Skaar R, Brodtkorb K, Skisland A. Faced with an automated future, what moral framework should guide us? a. Distributive or social justice 2019;33:16982. c. Underlying premise of virtue ethics The ethical challenges raised in the design and conduct of pragmatic trials: an interview study with key stakeholders. This occurred in both those reports that contained a definition and those that did not. 2018;10:33740. When they do research, sociologists should protect the privacy and confidentiality of their subjects. The results of this rapid review suggest that a common conceptual understanding of the term ethical challenge(s) is lacking within empirical bioethical research and that there is a need for researchers in this area to consider what conceptual formulations might be most useful. Additionally, there is evidence in healthcare ethics research that patients and carers identify ethical challenges in situations that healthcare workers do not [109]. Which of the following statements is true about the financial rewards of being a manager? a. Feminists include only women in their worldview. MacDonald S, Shemie S. Ethical challenges and the donation physician specialist: a scoping review. . The protocol was therefore not published in advance. Fourth, for resource reasons, the assessment as to whether a related term was being used interchangeably in the text was undertaken by a single researcher (GS). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. A community health nurse is applying the Ethical Principles for Effective Advocacy. For example, moral distress, as conceived by Jameton and others [110, 113, 114], is linked to the after-effects of having to handle ethical challenge(s), so some researchers might view the generation of moral distress as relevant to identifying ethical challenges. A (select all that apply), these statements tell you why the company exists Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. artolovni A, Habek D. Guidelines for the management of the social and ethical challenges in brain death during pregnancy. County jail or psychiatric hospital? Saarni SI, Halila R, Palmu P, Vnsk J. Ethically problematic treatment decisions in different medical specialties. 12/72 (17%) of retrieved studies offered an explicit definition for ethical challenge(s) [12,13,14, 48, 50, 56, 57, 66, 69, 81, 98, 101]. A nation's culture: (select all that apply), operates in large part outside of individual awareness Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory? A manager's responsibility to take actions that benefit both society and the business is known as _____ responsibility. West E, Stuckelberger A, Pautex S, Staaks J, Gysels M. Operationalising ethical challenges in dementia researcha systematic review of current evidence. Can we infer that the amount of education is a factor in determining whether a smoker will quit? paul and kevin conducted a videoconference about the new product line since they were both home sick. Alienation. Finally, we did not review the theoretical literature for conceptual definitions of ethical challenge(s), hence the definitions we identified might not match completely conceptual understandings of the term. The choice of definition should be justified, including the decision as to whether to include participants in this process. He would be classified as a. Two overarching perspectives about management are the ________ perspectives. The buying and selling of goods or services over computer networks is known as _______, whereas _______ involves using the Internet to facilitate every aspect of running a business. Int J Gynecol Obstet. Another way to describe ethnocentrism is as a narrow view in which people see things solely through their own perspective. a. d. accountability. A researcher for the Addiction Research Council wanted to determine why some people quit while others attempted to quit but failed. Bartnik E. Ethical challenges in genetics. Nurs Ethics. Explain in Your Own Words Consider the "Your Personal Economics" feature in your textbook and research economic inflation and the economic theories that explain it Use at least two sources of information and take careful notes during your research. Furthermore, work to better understand the benefits of including study participants in the definition process is also important. Conflicting rationales: leaders experienced ethical challenges in community health care for older people. We collected data on date of publication, authors, journal, country (for primary studies), methodology, definition of ethical challenge(s) (present (yes/no)) and (where offered) the definition provided, and any closely related terms used, with counts of all terms used in each article. 2017;39:19. Which personal reward of practicing management does this demonstrate? 2010;1:4554. Accessed 30 Oct 2019. 2005;15:127788. Which statement about feminist ethics is correct? management innovation is essential to future organizational success. In a ______ culture, shared meanings are often derived from written and spoken words. True or false: Today, it is more common for a company to hire an executive who will give orders rather than someone who will ask questions and encourage independent thinking. Everyday ethical challenges of nurse-physician collaboration. 2017;17:295. a. Jia Y, Chen O, Xiao Z, Xiao J, Bian J, Jia H. Nurses ethical challenges caring for people with COVID-19: a qualitative study. PRISMA flow diagram of record identification. Values are "standards or ideals with which we evaluate actions, people, things, or situations" (Lau & Chan, 2017). ethical challenge.ti OR ethical challenges.ti. by. Defining ethical challenge(s) in healthcare research: a rapid review. First, the review only includes results from the past 5years, which inevitably means that older publications, which may have contained further definitions of ethical challenge(s), were excluded. b. conscious d. unconscious. The concept that a manager's influence extends far beyond the results that can be achieved by an individual acting alone is called the _____ effect. Nurses should participate in implementing new directions for health care and help envision these new directions. Ullrich A, Theochari M, Bergelt C, Marx G, Woellert K, Bokemeyer C, et al. Each definition contained one or more of these approaches, but none contained all four. The same ethical standards apply to all cultures. assumed that people were rational. 2020;12:67585. In: Zalta EN, editor. (select all that apply), Use customer and employee feedback Which statement fits the Liberal Democratic Theory of John Rawls? Moral distress, moral residue, and the crescendo effect. LES is funded by a Career Development Fellowship from the National Institute for Health Research. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues. See Table 4 for terms and frequencies. Identify the three principal organizations designed to facilitate international trade. 2021;22:110. The growing multiculturalism of American society can contribute to ethnicity conflicts when: There are two medically indigent clients in the clinic who have come to get their monthly supply of free insulin. Of the 53 empirical studies, 42 (79%) were qualitative studies [34,35,36, 38,39,40,41,42,43,44, 47, 48, 50,51,52, 54,55,56,57,58, 60, 62,63,64,65,66,67, 69, 71,72,73,74,75,76,77, 79,80,81, 83,84,85,86], 6 (12%) used a mixed methods approach [45, 46, 53, 59, 61, 68], and 5 (10%) were quantitative [37, 49, 70, 78, 82]. Ethical challenges in correctional mental health care. 2019;67:17249. Jameton A. The criteria reflect three assumptions. Persons who ascribe to feminist ethics are passive and wish to pursue their ideals through the legislative process. Applying GRADE-CERQual to qualitative evidence synthesis findings: introduction to the series. D Accessed 16 Aug 2018. Rawls acknowledges that inequities are inevitable in society, but he tries to justify them by establishing a system in which everyone benefits, especially the least advantaged. J Bioeth Inq. The included study locations were evenly distributed, matching the overall pattern of retrieved studies, with studies from high- [48, 50, 56, 66, 81], middle- [57, 98], and low-income settings [48, 69]. Research shows that non-philosophers may understand these related terms in heterogeneous ways which may additionally affect understanding of texts across different readerships [16, 17]. Alahmad G, Richi H, BaniMustafa A, Almutairi AF. Tnnessen S, Solvoll B-A, Brinchmann BS. A company's triple bottom line represents which three aspects? Quality Draper H, Jenkins S. Ethical challenges experienced by UK military medical personnel deployed to Sierra Leone (operation GRITROCK) during the 20142015 Ebola outbreak: a qualitative study. b. This should either be a priori, or, if using an approach that includes participant participation in the generation of the definition, reporting their final working definition a posteriori. 2021;22:114. Identifying the meaningful facts in the situation is part of the ethical decision-making process. Defining ethical challenge(s) in healthcare research: a rapid review, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-021-00700-9, https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist.pdf, https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/coreq/, https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/srqr/, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139939829.006, https://www.equator-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PRISMA-RRprotocol.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002672, https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001697, https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v12i7.1115, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/moral-dilemmas/, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=859724, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Philadelphia, PA: Clarivate Analysis; 2013. Boulanger RF, Komparic A, Dawson A, Upshur REG, Silva DS. Here are some of the main ethical issues keeping the AI experts up at night. What are the best methodologies for rapid reviews of the research evidence for evidence-informed decision making in health policy and practice: a rapid review. Identify ways managers can encourage employees to take desired actions. Cronin P, Ryan F, Coughlan M. Concept analysis in healthcare research. The other choices relate to libertarianism. Executive Education We design and deliver training programs and interactive workshops to help companies sharpen their approach to ethics and organizational culture. The ethically conflicting situations presented by the authors were classified into five categories according to the type of risk found: I - Conflict related to disregard of confidentiality/anonymity; II - Conflict related to disregard of the participant's autonomy; III - Conflict related to the risk of causing damage to 2019;146:14956. b. Egalitarianism BMJ Open. B Taebi M, Bahrami R, Bagheri-Lankarani N, Shahriari M. Ethical challenges of embryo donation in embryo donors and recipients. Self D, Skeel J, Jecker N. A comparison of the moral reasoning of physicians and clinical medical ethicists. Investigate the difference between compounding annually and simple interest.Find the interest for a three-year CD for $5,000 at an interest rate of 6%, compounded annually. 2017;24:55668. 2019;33:55767. Rapid versus full systematic reviews: an inventory of current mathods and practice in health technology assessment. and Storaker et al. what are two ways the Internet and World Wide Web give a small business the ability to go global? B If unavailable 14days after the request, the record was excluded. Second, our three assumptions listed in the methodology section may have excluded some records that contained a relevant definition. J Perinat Med. Data were analysed using content analysis. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. Keep the client (group, community) properly informed, maintain client confidentiality, and carry out instructions with diligence and competence are ethical principles for effective advocacy. Int Health. 2019;27:185201. In order to achieve success in ______ positions, conceptual skills are far more important than technical skills. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. The Cochrane Rapid Review Methods Group has recently released interim methodological guidelines for undertaking rapid reviews [6], advising authors to describe where their protocol deviates from a systematic review and detail any biases that these deviations may introduce [18, 19, 21]. The Endnote Team. Those records that offered explicit definitions used four approaches: (1) definition through concepts [12, 57, 66]; (2) reference to moral conflict, moral uncertainty or difficult choices [13, 14, 48, 57, 69, 98]; (3) definition by study participants [12, 48, 50, 56]; or (4) challenges as linked to their ability to generate emotional or moral distress within healthcare practitioners [14, 14, 66, 81]. d. Plan ways to restructure the social practices that oppress women. There is evidence that although clinicians can be sensitive to major ethical dilemmas, they can be less sensitive to small everyday ethical elements in clinical practice, and that ethical awareness varies between individuals [107, 108]. Nurs Ethics. The positive value of moral distress. Mertz M, Inthorn J, Renz G, Rothenberger LG, Salloch S, Schildmann J, et al. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University; 2018. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/moral-dilemmas/. Be aware of the profession's mission, values, and ethical principles, and practice in a manner consistent with them by acting honestly and responsibly. Draw three lines under each lowercase letter that should be capitalized and a single slash (B/ ) through any capital letters that should be lowercase. As such, the presence of moral distress may not be sufficient or even necessary in order to label a moral event an ethical challenge. https://www.equator-network.org/. 2017;37:7884. c. Policy development California Privacy Statement, At full-text screening, a further 20% were dual screened by GS/MD and, again after discussion, the remaining studies were screened by GS. BMC Med Ethics 22, 135 (2021). These include nicotine patches, hypnosis, and various forms of therapy. A set of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose is called a(n) _____. world bank, international Monetary Fund, world trade organization. Nurs Ethics. 2021;28:3345. Hunt M, Pal NE, Schwartz L, OMathna D. Ethical challenges in the provision of mental health services for children and families during disasters. An organization's ethical _____ represents employees' perceptions about the extent to which the work environment supports ethical behavior. [110]), potentially leading to additional conceptual confusion. Woods S, Beaver K, Luker K. Users views of palliative care services: ethical implications. 2018. https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist.pdf. Answer: Unlock to view answer. d. Conducting home visits. Methodological rigour within research is a cornerstone in the production of high-quality findings and recommendations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016. p. 6783. This rapid review is the first systematic attempt to describe the definitions of ethical challenge(s) available within the recent published literature. Four of the definitions involved research participants themselves defining something as an ethical challenge [12, 48, 50, 56], with three studies explicitly stating that participants would lead this definitional work [48, 50, 56]. Basic concepts of the feminist theory Syst Rev. This conceptualization occurred as a response to the technological advances in health care science and the desire of nurses to differentiate nursing practice from medical practice. The application of quantitative techniques, such as statistics and computer simulations, to management is called _____ management. View Test Prep - Ethics 101 quiz 1.docx from ETHICS 101 at Liberty University. Cyber Awareness 2022. A New Model for Ethical Leadership. Providers of public health services should be competent and available is an ethical tenet of assurance. Prospective review protocol registration on the PROSPERO database is the current gold standard, but, at the time of writing, PROSPERO does not accept records for rapid reviews [27]. J Med Ethics. Ethical challenges in family caregivers of patients with advanced cancera qualitative study. Which approach to management relies upon research in psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics in order to develop theories about human behavior that can be used to provide practical tools for managers? J Med Ethics Hist Med. Terms and Conditions, Trust and the ethical challenges in the use of whole genome sequencing for tuberculosis surveillance: a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives. 2019;14:e12266. They do not provide answers for ethical dilemmas, only serve as a guide. 2018;19:342. PROSPERO: International prospective register of systematic reviews. A failure in solidarity: ethical challenges in the development and implementation of new tuberculosis technologies. Res Theory Nurs Pract. ethical History shows that countries used to be concerned only with regulating their own economies. BMC Med Ethics. Ggyor I, Heling A, Heim S, Frewer A, Nauck F, Himmel W. Ethical challenges in primary care: a focus group study with general practitioners, nurses and informal caregivers. Approach 3 involves facilitating participants to nominate something as an ethical challenge [12, 48, 50, 56]. A random sample of 20% of records were dual screened at the title/abstract level by GS/MD. Kemparaj VM, Panchmal GS, Kadalur UG. ______ is a shared set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people. Only one went on to define the other concepts they utilised, ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts: Ethical dilemmas are described as situations that cannot be solved; decisions made between two options may be morally plausible but are equally problematic due to the circumstances. From the Magazine (September-October 2020) Ted + Chelsea Cavanaugh. Assessment refers to systematically collecting data on the population, monitoring the population's health status, and making information available about the health of the community. Data from the remaining included studies was then extracted by GS, with correctness and completeness checked by MD. A scoping review of rapid review methods. According to the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, public health should achieve community health in a way that respects the rights of individuals in the community, not owing duty primarily to the physician. Garritty C, Gartlehner G, Nussbaumer-Streit B, King VJ, Hamel C, Kamel C, et al. All three definitions using this approach defined ethical challenge(s) as a summative collection of related concepts, including ethical dilemmas, moral dilemmas, moral challenges, ethical issues, and ethical conflicts [12, 57, 66], for example: The expression ethical challenges mainly refers to ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts as well as other scenarios where difficult choices have to be made [57] p34. Truog RD, Brown SD, Browning D, Hundert EM, Rider EA, Bell SK, et al. Ethical challenges regarding the use of stem cells: interviews with researchers from Saudi Arabia. Acad Med. Article Our team designs interventions and systems, grounded in behavioral data about your organizational culture, to build a more effective, ethical, and collaborative workplace. The critiques that represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics is that Some things seem like virtues, but are actually just feelings. In some cases, the existence of the dilemma can be logically refuted. Max Weber, The behavioral management viewpoint emphasized, the importance of understanding human behavior and motivating employees to achieve, In which ways did Munsterberg suggest that psychologists could contribute to industry? The GLOBE project studies _____ cultural dimensions. 2020;13:31723. Two ways for a company to guarantee quality of a product are quality control and quality ___________. Rapid review to identify peer-reviewed reports examining ethical challenge(s) in any context, extracting data on definitions of ethical challenge(s) in use, and synonymous use of closely related terms in the general manuscript text. b. Oncol Nurs Forum. Taken together, these findings suggest that a clear definition of ethical challenge(s), and consistent use thereof, is currently lacking. As a secondary aim, we examined authors uses of closely related alternative terms within the included article texts separate to their use within any explicit definitions that may be present. However, the relationship between ethical challenge(s) and moral distress is complex, and some might argue that the latter has an important relationship to the former. A. Then, I shall focus on the shift from modern to postmodern forms or organizing. Act in the health care provider's best interest et al. (Choose all that apply. b. c. Maintain client confidentiality high costs to the organization sending their employees overseas as expatriates. can seem intangible and perplexing to outsiders 3. obeying the law Nurs Ethics. Virtue- based ethics are often regarded as a form of ethics that talks more on the role of character instead of the actions. An ethical theory that determines moral value by weighing the consequences ofactions An ethical theory that emphasizes the role of character rather than actions An ethical theory that asserts that self-oriented interests motivate human actions An ethical theory that deems that an action is morally right if the action results in happiness These might include a code of ethics, formal training, an ethics hotline, and employees with ethics compliance as part of their job role. HIVAIDS - Res Palliat Care. zeynep's company uses only green materials, but he is tempted to use a cheaper supplier whose products are not environmentally friendly. Bauby was paralyzed by ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease. Definitions of ethical challenge(s) identified in included studies are provided in Table 3. Demographic Larkin ME, Beardslee B, Cagliero E, Griffith CA, Milaszewski K, Mugford MT, et al. Globalization is the trend of the world economy becoming a more _______ system. BMC Health Serv Res. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Advocacy requires that the community be properly informed, and this was violated in the above scenario. d. To find a framework for ethical decision making. Libertarian philosophy refers to the view that the right to private property is the most important right. In his annual convention speech, the founder of a medical research organization reminded all the employees of the importance of their work in finding a cure for pediatric diabetes. Economic Fall 2018. Donnelly S, Walker S. Enabling first and second year doctors to negotiate ethical challenges in end-of-life care: a qualitative study. Alahmad G, Aljohani S, Najjar MF. A _______ organization actively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge within itself and is able to modify its behavior to reflect new knowledge. work to generate ideas with impact 2020;5:119. 2016;17:419. A nurse refers to the Code of Ethics for Nurses or the Public Health Code of Ethics. Research across the disciplines: a road map for quality criteria in empirical ethics research. Taxes, military service, location of incinerators or power plants Nurs Ethics. The company president meets with senior managers to determine what is causing a problem with the company's best-selling computer microchip. How anesthesiologists experience and negotiate ethical challenges from drug shortages. A small business can adjust to changes in the business environment quicker. Khalili M. Iranian nurses ethical challenges in controlling childrens fever. 2019. https://doi.org/10.18502/jmehm.v12i7.1115. This approach anchors an ethical challenge to the requirement for an agent to make a (difficult) choice in a situation where moral principles conflict, or there is moral uncertainty as to the right way forward. One should reject any idea that societies, states, or collectives of any form can be the bearers of rights or can owe duties. 82 records were excluded at full text stage and 72 records were included for analysis. 2018;25:92110. Naseri-Salahshour V, Sajadi M. Ethical challenges of novice nurses in clinical practice: Iranian perspective. Watt A, Cameron A, Sturm L, Lathlean T, Babidge W, Blamey S, et al. Which statement is discussed in the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements? Ives J, Dunn M, Molewijk B, Schildmann J, Bre K, Frith L, et al. Bladt T, Vorup-Jensen T, Sdder E, Ebbesen M. Empirical investigation of ethical challenges related to the use of biological therapies. job-specific knowledge for the position in retailing. 2020;21:17. Henri Fayol 2018;11:16. The intellectualist option places a false dichotomy between ethics and religion, thereby saying God has no ethical authority. Accessed 2 Apr 2020. A This is called _____. A colleague saves money for an overseas vacation every year, is a . A nurse is applying the ethical principle of non-maleficence. We will address the following questions . BMC Med Ethics. Use accurate standards to identify and eliminate problems In the hope of prompting a debate on this topic, we therefore undertook a rapid review, which aimed to explore existing definitions of ethical challenge(s) and the use of other closely related terms within recent empirical healthcare ethics literature. The identified studies included eight qualitative studies [48, 50, 56, 57, 66, 69, 81, 98], 3 systematic reviews [12,13,14], and 1 systematic review protocol [101]. He serves on various local, regional, and national ethics committees and related groups. Involve every employee. This is more likely to be relevant where an a priori definition is used, but may be relevant to any prompting text for studies using a participant-led process, as in the study by Draper and Jenkins [48]. Which of the following does NOT constitute spillage? Ethical challenges for international collaborative research partnerships in the context of the Zika outbreak in the Dominican Republic: a qualitative case study. Centre for Ethics in Medicine, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK, Paediatric Bioethics Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH, UK, Palliative and End of Life Care Research Group, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK, You can also search for this author in Therefore, relying entirely on a particular stakeholders perspectives (such as clinicians) may risk missing important ethical challenges present in a scenario (assuming, of course, that we can settle what counts as an ethical challenge(s)). also refer more broadly to discomfort [14] and emotional stress [81] respectively. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations | The EQUATOR Network. B d. Virtue. 63.Which of the following represents an ethical challenge facing a company? Schofield G, Dittborn M, Huxtable R, Brangan E, Selman LE. Communitarianism views that individual rights need to be balanced with social responsibilities; individuals do not live in isolation but are shaped by the values and culture of their communities. Health Res Policy Syst. 2012;1:10. false united states imports more than exports. At a family get-together, Thom's brother has quite a bit to drink and says that his company is about to file major new patents on technology that is expected to be highly profitable. b. A written list of a profession's values and standards of conduct would best be described as the _____. Transplantation. organizing/evaluating information. The remaining study was undertaken in both Sierra Leone and the UK [48]. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Identify the meaningful facts in the situation Check all that apply. Conceptual clarity is a key component of research, both theoretical and empirical. J Clin Ethics. a. Of the 72 included records, 53 were empirical studies [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86], 10 non-systematic reviews [87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96], 7 systematic reviews [12,13,14, 97,98,99,100], 1 systematic review protocol [101], and 1 non-systematic review protocol [102]. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Summative content analysis combines both the quantitative counting of specific content or words/terms with latent content analysis to identify and categorise their meanings. 2.2. The definitions found contained one or more of four identified approaches, with significant cross-reference to related terms and concepts which themselves have variation in their accepted meanings. A nurse believes that all Americans should receive basic health care services. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2019;33:6018. Selected Answer: Ethical Summary. Noncurrent debt should be included in the current section of the statement of financial position if? Which of the following are ethical tenets that underlie the core function of assessment? Epstein EG, Hamric AB. Target donates millions of dollars each year in education-related grants for arts and cultural experiences, field trips, and reading programs, as well as grants to promote public safety.